Ani
- Tür: Kent, Ören Yeri
- Tema: Arkeolojik Kazılar, UNESCO Dünya Mirası
- Kültür: Ermeni, Gürcü, Selçuklu
- Yüzyıl: 11. yy, 12. yy, 5. yy
- Bölge: Türkiye, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi, Kars, Merkez (Kars), Ocaklı
Անի | |
Location | Ocaklı (nearest settlement),[1][2] Kars Province, Turkey |
---|---|
Region | Armenian highlands |
Coordinates | 40°30′27″N 43°34′22″E / 40.50750°N 43.57278°E |
Type | Settlement |
History | |
Founded | 5th century (first mentioned) |
Abandoned | 17th century |
Periods | Middle Ages |
Cultures | Armenian (predominantly) |
Site notes | |
Ownership | Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) |
Official name | Archaeological Site of Ani |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | ii, iii, iv |
Designated | 2016 (40th session) |
Reference no. | 1518 |
Region | Europe and North America |
historical population of over 100,000 |
Ani (Armenian: Անի; Greek: Ἄνιον, Ánion;[3] Latin: Abnicum;[4][5] Turkish: Anı)[6] is a ruined medieval Armenian[7] city now situated in Turkey's province of Kars, next to the closed border with Armenia.
Between 961 and 1045, it was the capital of the Bagratid Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey. The iconic city was often referred to as the "City of 1,001 Churches," though the number was significantly less. To date, 50 churches, 33 cave chapels and 20 chapels have been excavated by archaeologists and historians.[5][8][9] Ani stood on various trade routes and its many religious buildings, palaces, and sophisticated fortifications distinguished it from other contemporary urban centers in the Armenian kingdom. Among its most notable buildings was the Cathedral of Ani, which is associated with early examples of Gothic architecture and that scholars argue influenced the great cathedrals of Europe in the early gothic and Romanesque styles; its ribbed vaulting would not be seen in European cathedrals for at least another two centuries later.[10][11] At its height, Ani was one of the world's largest cities,[12] with a population of well over 100,000, though this seems highly optimistic given its limited area.[13]
Renowned for its splendor, Ani was sacked by the Mongols in 1236. Ani never recovered from a devastating 1319 earthquake and, more significantly, from the shifting of regional trade routes, and was abandoned by the 17th century.[14][15] Ani is a widely recognized cultural, religious, and national heritage symbol for Armenians.[16] According to Razmik Panossian, Ani is one of the most visible and ‘tangible’ symbols of past Armenian greatness and hence a source of pride.[17] In 2016, it was added onto the UNESCO World Heritage List.[18]
- ^ Watenpaugh 2014, p. 531: "The nearest inhabited village is Ocaklı, a farming village with little infrastructure."
- ^ "Büyük Katedral (Fethiye Cami) – Kars". kulturportali.gov.tr (in Turkish).
Adres: Ocaklı Köyü, Ani Antik Kenti
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ziflioğlu, Vercihan (April 14, 2009). "Building a dialogue atop old ruins of Ani". Hürriyet. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016.
The Turkish government's practice of calling the town "Anı," rather than Ani, in order to give it a more Turkish character...
- ^ Barthold, W. & Minorsky, V. (1960). "Ānī". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469456.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Not to confuse with the Binbirkilise/'1001 churches' near Karaman in modern Turkey'
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Talbot Rice, David (1972). The Appreciation of Byzantine Art. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-211922-3.
The interior of Ani cathedral, a longitudinal stone building with pointed vaults and a central dome, built about 1001, is astonishingly Gothic in every detail, and numerous other equally close parallels could be cited.
- ^ Joel Mokyr. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 157: "The struggle against Persian, Byzantine, and Arab political and economic domination, however, led to the restoration of the Armenian Kingdom (885–1045). Crafts and agricultural prospered. Its capital, Ani, famous for Armenian classical architecture, became one of the biggest cities in the world."
- ^ Ghafadaryan, Karo (1974). "Ani". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Armenian). Vol. I. Armenian Academy of Sciences. pp. 407–412.
- ^ Mutafian, Claude. "Ani after Ani: Eleventh to Seventeenth Centuries", in Armenian Kars and Ani, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2011, pp. 163–64.
- ^ Sinclair, Thomas. "Trade, Administration, and Cities on the Plateau of Kars and Ani, Thirteenth to Sixteenth Century," in Armenian Kars and Ani, pp. 171-206.
- ^ Vanadzin, Katie (January 29, 2015). "Recent Publication Highlights Complexities of Uncovering the History of the Medieval City of Ani". Armenian Weekly.
As Watenpaugh explains, 'Ani is so symbolic, so central for Armenians, as a religious site, as a cultural site, as a national heritage symbol, a symbol of nationhood.'
- ^ Panossian 2006, p. 60.
- ^ Ancient city of Ani dazzles visitors