Many archaeological artifacts unearthed during the excavation of the ancient city of Ephesus, initiated by the Austrian Archaeological Institute in 1895, were transported to Vienna between 1896 and 1906. Initially, the artifacts were on display at the Vienna Museum of Art History. However, because the museum lacked sufficient space to accommodate all the artifacts, only a limited number could be displayed. In 1972, the artifacts—most of which had been stored in warehouses—were brought together and put on display at the Hofburg Palace under the name Ephesos Museum.

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